Android Toast 原理分析

  • 2017-04-13
  • 11,976
  • 4

Android Toast 是我们日常开发中常用的View组件,下面分析一下Toast是如何运作的,开始之前先要知道所有的视图都是通过 WindowManager.addView(mView, mParams) 添加并显示到屏幕上的,这是一个IPC调用。对此有疑问的可以先翻看一下相关的文章。

使用篇:

使用还不简单,一行代码搞定:

 Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "message", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); 

如果要在子线程中显示呢?直接使用上面的代码会报错:

java.lang.RuntimeException: Can’t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()

看来Toast内部使用了Handler,在初始化Handler的时候没有在本线程拿到Looper所以会报以上错误,可以看一下Handler的初始化代码:


public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
}

那就像修改View一样,使用Handler转发到主线程中显示,这当然可以。那如果一定要在子线程中显示呢?
那么就在子线程中创建Looper,再试试看:


new Thread() {
    @Override
    public void run() {
         super.run();
         Looper.prepare();
         Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "yes", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
         Looper.loop();
    }

}.start();

完美运行!
这里为什么一定要加上Looper呢?
Toast是如何一步步添加到屏幕上的?
同时显示多个Toast为什么会依次显示?
如果在循环体里显示100个Toast会发生什么?
下面原理篇将会一一解释。

原理篇:

先从常用的创建方法说起:


public static Toast makeText(Context context, CharSequence text, @Duration int duration) {
    Toast result = new Toast(context);
    LayoutInflater inflate = (LayoutInflater)
    context.getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
    View v = inflate.inflate(com.android.internal.R.layout.transient_notification, null);
    TextView tv = (TextView)v.findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.message);
    tv.setText(text);
    result.mNextView = v;
    result.mDuration = duration;
    return result;
}

这里很好理解,设置了默认的布局,设置了布局里的文字,设置了显示时间,主要看Toast的构造方法。


public Toast(Context context) {
   mContext = context;
   mTN = new TN();
   mTN.mY = context.getResources().getDimensionPixelSize(
                com.android.internal.R.dimen.toast_y_offset);
   mTN.mGravity = context.getResources().getInteger(
                com.android.internal.R.integer.config_toastDefaultGravity);
}

值得注意的是mTN = new TN(),事实上这个TN对象是一个Binder回调,当然本身也是Binder对象,是提供给NotificationManagerService回调用的,实现的接口非常简单,对应了显示和隐藏Toast:


void hide() throws RemoteException;
void show() throws RemoteException;

大致可以猜一下Toast的显示流程,我们调用Toast的show方法,Toast类内部通过NotificationManager告诉系统我要显示这个Toast,并且传递了自己的信息以及mTN对象,NotificationManagerService内部处理完成后远程调用mTN对象的show方法,这样就回到了应用进程,然后通过WindowManager的addView方法显示出该Toast。并且NotificationManagerService在显示回调的时候会发一个时长为duration的延时消息,在该消息到底之后回调mTN的hide方法隐藏Toast。这里有两个远程调用,一个是应用调用NotificationManager,一个是NotificationManagerService回调NT对象,前者系统是服务端,后者应用为服务端。
猜不出来?还是老老实实看代码吧。事实上就是上面这样。
前面看到,初始化Toast的时候初始化了TN对象,简单的看一下TN对象:


private static class TN extends ITransientNotification.Stub {
        final Runnable mShow = new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                handleShow();
            }
        };

        final Runnable mHide = new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                handleHide();
                // Don't do this in handleHide() because it is also invoked by handleShow()
                mNextView = null;
            }
        };

        private final WindowManager.LayoutParams mParams = new WindowManager.LayoutParams();
        final Handler mHandler = new Handler();    

        int mGravity;
        int mX, mY;
        float mHorizontalMargin;
        float mVerticalMargin;

        View mView;
        View mNextView;

        WindowManager mWM;

        TN() {
            // XXX This should be changed to use a Dialog, with a Theme.Toast
            // defined that sets up the layout params appropriately.
            final WindowManager.LayoutParams params = mParams;
            params.height = WindowManager.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT;
            params.width = WindowManager.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT;
            params.format = PixelFormat.TRANSLUCENT;
            params.windowAnimations = com.android.internal.R.style.Animation_Toast;
            params.type = WindowManager.LayoutParams.TYPE_TOAST;
            params.setTitle("Toast");
            params.flags = WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_KEEP_SCREEN_ON
                    | WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_FOCUSABLE
                    | WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_TOUCHABLE;
        }

        /**
         * schedule handleShow into the right thread
         */
        @Override
        public void show() {
            if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "SHOW: " + this);
            mHandler.post(mShow);
        }

        /**
         * schedule handleHide into the right thread
         */
        @Override
        public void hide() {
            if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "HIDE: " + this);
            mHandler.post(mHide);
        }

        public void handleShow() {
	//略
        }

        private void trySendAccessibilityEvent() {
        //略
        }        

        public void handleHide() {
        //略
        }
}

可以看到构造方法里初始化了WindowManager.LayoutParams,用于后面WindowManager的add方法显示View。成员变量里初始化了Handler,这也就解释了,为什么在子线程中初始化Toast会出错。那么这里的show方法为什么不直接显示呢,而是通过Handler转发到创建Toast的线程再显示?原因在于TN是一个Binder类,并且是服务端,所以运行在Binder线程池中,所以用Handler转发到创建Toast的线程。
现在看回到Toast的show方法:


public void show() {
    if (mNextView == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("setView must have been called");
    }

    INotificationManager service = getService();
    String pkg = mContext.getOpPackageName();
    TN tn = mTN;
    tn.mNextView = mNextView;

    try {
        service.enqueueToast(pkg, tn, mDuration);
    } catch (RemoteException e) {
      // Empty
    }
}

如上所述,并没有直接显示,而是调用了NotificationManager的enqueueToast,并且带上了包名,tn对象,显示时长。从名字可以看出这是一个入队列的操作,也就解释了同时调用多个Toast的时候会依次显示。
那么接下来看NotificationManagerService的enqueueToast方法:


public void enqueueToast(String pkg, ITransientNotification callback, int duration){
            //省略部分无关代码

            synchronized (mToastQueue) {
                int callingPid = Binder.getCallingPid();
                long callingId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
                try {
                    ToastRecord record;
                    int index = indexOfToastLocked(pkg, callback);
                    // If it's already in the queue, we update it in place, we don't
                    // move it to the end of the queue.
                    if (index >= 0) {
                        record = mToastQueue.get(index);
                        record.update(duration);
                    } else {
                        // Limit the number of toasts that any given package except the android
                        // package can enqueue.  Prevents DOS attacks and deals with leaks.
                        if (!isSystemToast) {
                            int count = 0;
                            final int N = mToastQueue.size();
                            for (int i=0; i= MAX_PACKAGE_NOTIFICATIONS) {
                                         Slog.e(TAG, "Package has already posted " + count
                                                + " toasts. Not showing more. Package=" + pkg);
                                         return;
                                     }
                                 }
                            }
                        }

                        record = new ToastRecord(callingPid, pkg, callback, duration);
                        mToastQueue.add(record);
                        index = mToastQueue.size() - 1;
                        keepProcessAliveLocked(callingPid);
                    }
                    // If it's at index 0, it's the current toast.  It doesn't matter if it's
                    // new or just been updated.  Call back and tell it to show itself.
                    // If the callback fails, this will remove it from the list, so don't
                    // assume that it's valid after this.
                    if (index == 0) {
                        showNextToastLocked();
                    }
                } finally {
                    Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(callingId);
                }
            }
}

这里的mToastQueue是一个ArrayList,用于保存所有的ToastRecord,其中ToastRecord保存了callingPid(应用的PID),pkg(包名),callback(TN对象),duration(显示时长)
大致流程如下:
1. 判断当前Toast是否已经存在,如果已经存在就更新显示时长。
2. 如果不存在,遍历mToastQueue,统计相同包名的ToastRecord数量,如果大于MAX_PACKAGE_NOTIFICATIONS(50)则不继续添加。如注释所述防止DOS攻击。最后添加进mToastQueue
3. 如果当前是第一个,调用showNextToastLocked()开始依次显示mToastQueue中的Toast

继续看showNextToastLocked方法:


void showNextToastLocked() {
        ToastRecord record = mToastQueue.get(0);
        while (record != null) {
            if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Show pkg=" + record.pkg + " callback=" + record.callback);
            try {
                record.callback.show();
                scheduleTimeoutLocked(record);
                return;
            } catch (RemoteException e) {
                Slog.w(TAG, "Object died trying to show notification " + record.callback
                        + " in package " + record.pkg);
                // remove it from the list and let the process die
                int index = mToastQueue.indexOf(record);
                if (index >= 0) {
                    mToastQueue.remove(index);
                }
                keepProcessAliveLocked(record.pid);
                if (mToastQueue.size() > 0) {
                    record = mToastQueue.get(0);
                } else {
                    record = null;
                }
            }
        }
}

主要就是循环取出mToastQueue中的ToastRecord 元素,并且调用record.callback.show();也就是回调了TN对象的show方法回答应用进程。可以看到接下来还调用了scheduleTimeoutLocked(record);


private void scheduleTimeoutLocked(ToastRecord r){
        mHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(r);
        Message m = Message.obtain(mHandler, MESSAGE_TIMEOUT, r);
        long delay = r.duration == Toast.LENGTH_LONG ? LONG_DELAY : SHORT_DELAY;
        mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(m, delay);
}

根据duration 发送了一次延时消息,在消息事件里调用record.callback.hide();隐藏Toast。
不管是显示还是隐藏,最终都回调到了应用进程的TN对象中,那么现在回看TN对象的show方法,上面说了,TN对象的show方法会通过Handler调用handleShow方法:


        public void handleShow() {
            if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "HANDLE SHOW: " + this + " mView=" + mView
                    + " mNextView=" + mNextView);
            if (mView != mNextView) {
                // remove the old view if necessary
                handleHide();
                mView = mNextView;
                Context context = mView.getContext().getApplicationContext();
                String packageName = mView.getContext().getOpPackageName();
                if (context == null) {
                    context = mView.getContext();
                }
                mWM = (WindowManager)context.getSystemService(Context.WINDOW_SERVICE);
                // We can resolve the Gravity here by using the Locale for getting
                // the layout direction
                final Configuration config = mView.getContext().getResources().getConfiguration();
                final int gravity = Gravity.getAbsoluteGravity(mGravity, config.getLayoutDirection());
                mParams.gravity = gravity;
                if ((gravity & Gravity.HORIZONTAL_GRAVITY_MASK) == Gravity.FILL_HORIZONTAL) {
                    mParams.horizontalWeight = 1.0f;
                }
                if ((gravity & Gravity.VERTICAL_GRAVITY_MASK) == Gravity.FILL_VERTICAL) {
                    mParams.verticalWeight = 1.0f;
                }
                mParams.x = mX;
                mParams.y = mY;
                mParams.verticalMargin = mVerticalMargin;
                mParams.horizontalMargin = mHorizontalMargin;
                mParams.packageName = packageName;
                if (mView.getParent() != null) {
                    if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "REMOVE! " + mView + " in " + this);
                    mWM.removeView(mView);
                }
                if (localLOGV) Log.v(TAG, "ADD! " + mView + " in " + this);
                mWM.addView(mView, mParams);
                trySendAccessibilityEvent();
            }
        }

前面都是在配置显示参数WindowManager.LayoutParams,
最后显示该Toast对应的View:mWM.addView(mView, mParams);绕了一大圈最终显示出Toast了。

>> 转载请注明来源:Android Toast 原理分析

评论

  • 鸿雁回复

    没看明白,前面文章写的,在子线程运行方式 ,但是后面文章又说不能在子线程初始化。

    • 鸿雁回复

      这里看清晰了。谢谢作者。

  • Arron回复

    想问下这个右侧怎么添加微信公众号的,以及这个评论是什么系统?

回复给 鸿雁 点击这里取消回复。